Mind Sports: Exploring Motivation and Use of Cognitive Strategies in Bridge.

The game of Bridge is one of the world's most widely played mind-sport games. A growing number of people consider it a meaningful leisure activity and are motivated to play. The aim of this study was to describe a sample of Bridge players in Israel in terms of demographics, player records, motivations, and cognitive strategies used to play Bridge and examine the associations between these variables. A sample of 488 Bridge players' completed an online demographic questionnaire, the Bridge Motivational Factors Checklist, and the Bridge Cognitive Strategies Questionnaire. Most players in the study were men with a mean age of 68.7 years and a Bridge player level between Vice Master and Senior Master. Most players play bridge because "bridge is a fun game". Strategy use that occurred in-game (versus pre- or postgame) obtained the highest mean score. Because Bridge is a strategy game that can be played from childhood to older adulthood, it is important to continue research to further understand the nature and different aspects of the cognitive strategy used among Bridge players and in other mind sports.

Meta-Intelligence: Understanding, Control, and Interactivity between Creative, Analytical, Practical, and Wisdom-Based Approaches in Problem Solving.

A deeper understanding of the processes leading to problem framing and behind finding solutions to problems should help explain variability in the quality of the solutions to those problems. Using Sternberg's WICS model as the conceptual basis of problem solving, this article discusses the relations between creative, analytical, practical, and wisdom-based approaches as bases for solutions to problems. We use a construct of meta-intelligence to encompass understanding, control, and coordination between these constructs. We propose that constraints can act at each of three levels-individual, contextual, and interactive. Individual constraints include the metacomponents (executive processes) that underpin each of the four kinds of solutions. Contextual constraints direct which of the four approaches are preferred under what circumstances. Finally, interactive constraints involve individual and contextual constraints directly impacting each other's actions. The model of meta-intelligence and its functioning helps to explain the variability in the ways that individuals frame problems and, as a consequence, in the solutions that are found. The model of meta-intelligence also helps explain why some solutions to problems are so much more comprehensive, and often better, than others.

Habilidad de "Describir" para el aprendizaje de las malformaciones congénitas / Ability to "Describe" for the learning of congenital malformations

Introducción: El programa de la disciplina Embriología que se imparte en la República de Angola, como parte del currículo de la carrera de Medicina fue elaborado y desarrollado en Cuba. El medio donde se desarrolló el proceso docente y las características del sistema de salud no son las mismas para lo cual fue concebido. Es importante desarrollar en los estudiantes, no solo las habilidades de promoción y prevención de los defectos, presentes en los objetivos de la disciplina, también, habilidades de identificación y descripción morfológica de los defectos congénitos, para la confección adecuada de la historia clínica en las disciplinas clínicas. Objetivo: Determinar el nivel de desarrollo que alcanzan los estudiantes cuando aplican la habilidad de Describir al utilizar un algoritmo para el aprendizaje de las malformaciones congénitas. Material y Método: Se elaboró un algoritmo basado en el método embriológico; se aplicó en las preguntas iníciales de los seminarios a los estudiantes de segundo año de Medicina en el curso académico 2012, en la Facultad de Medicina de Cabinda en la República de Angola. Conclusiones: Las acciones elaboradas para el desarrollo de la habilidad "Describir" en el estudio de las malformaciones congénitas, permitió al estudiante apropiarse de un conocimiento teórico-morfológico de las características de estos defectos, en la medida que el estudiante aplicó las acciones del algoritmo de esta habilidad adquirió mayor nivel de desarrollo en la habilidad(AU)

Introduction: The syllabus for the Embryology discipline, which is taught in the Republic of Angola as part of the curriculum of the Medical Education was drawn up and developed in Cuba. The environment in which the teaching process developed and the characteristics of the health care system are not the same for which it was conceived. It is not only important to develop students´ skills for the promotion and prevention of defects that are present in the objectives of the discipline, but also identification skills and morphological description of congenital defects for an adequate drawing up of the clinical history in the clinical disciplines. Objective: To determine the level of development reached by the students when they apply the skill of describing using an algorithm for the learning of congenital malformations. Material and Method: An algorithm based on the embryological method was developed; and the initial questions asked in the seminars given to Second Year Medical Students were used in the Medical School of the University of Cabinda in the Republic of Angola during the 2012 Academic Year. Conclusions: The actions developed for the ability to Describe in the study of congenital malformations allowed the student to get a theoretical morphological knowledge of the characteristics of the defects; on the extent to which the student applied the actions of the algorithm, he acquired a higher level of skill development(AU)

Un sistema de habilidades para la carrera de Medicina, su relación con las competencias profesionales: una mirada actualizada / A system of skills for the medical major, its relationship with professional performance: an updated review

El presente trabajo tiene como propósito fundamentar la importancia que tiene en los diseños curriculares por competencias la identificación y concepción sistémica de un conjunto de habilidades que tributen a las habilidades profesionales que deben de caracterizar al médico que la sociedad actual exige, así como argumentar la pertinencia formativa que tiene la precisión y derivación de un sistema de habilidades lógico-intelectuales orientado a garantizar la formación de las habilidades profesionales del médico a egresar y en última instancia al logro de las competencias que distinguen al Perfil de Titulación de esta carrera. Se realizó una valoración de las competencias propuestas por el proyecto Tuning América Latina -para el médico latinoamericano- que conllevó a la precisión de la habilidad como uno de los elementos constitutivos de estas, pues su indefinición entorpece el logro de las competencias previstas. Las habilidades propias de este profesional constituyen la expresión práctica de la atención en salud que los mismos llevarán a cabo, lo que se debe evidenciar en los diferentes contextos formativos dirigidos a este fin caracterizados por una serie de condiciones irrepetibles propias del quehacer médico, donde se pondrá de manifiesto el logro o no de las competencias consideradas para la carrera de medicina(AU)

This paper has the purpose to support the importance for curricular design of identifying and systemically conceiving a set of skills that may contribute to the professional skills that must characterize the physician demanded by the current society, as well as to provide scientific foundations for the training relevance to precise and derive a system of logical-intellectual skills oriented to guarantee the building of the forthcoming physician's professional skills and ultimately to the achievement of the competences that distinguish this major's working profile. We assessed the competences proposed by the project Tuning Latin America, for the Latin American physician, that led to specifying the skill as one of the constituent elements of these, since its lack of definition hinders the achievement of the previewed competences. This professional's proper skills constitute the practical expression of health care that they will carry out, which should be evidenced in the different training environments directed to this end characterized by a series of unrepeatable conditions of the medical profession, where the achievement will be shown or not by the competences considered for the medical major(AU)

Un sistema de habilidades para la carrera de Medicina, su relación con las competencias profesionales: una mirada actualizada / A system of skills for the medical major, its relationship with professional performance: an updated review

El presente trabajo tiene como propósito fundamentar la importancia que tiene en los diseños curriculares por competencias la identificación y concepción sistémica de un conjunto de habilidades que tributen a las habilidades profesionales que deben de caracterizar al médico que la sociedad actual exige, así como argumentar la pertinencia formativa que tiene la precisión y derivación de un sistema de habilidades lógico-intelectuales orientado a garantizar la formación de las habilidades profesionales del médico a egresar y en última instancia al logro de las competencias que distinguen al Perfil de Titulación de esta carrera. Se realizó una valoración de las competencias propuestas por el proyecto Tuning América Latina -para el médico latinoamericano- que conllevó a la precisión de la habilidad como uno de los elementos constitutivos de estas, pues su indefinición entorpece el logro de las competencias previstas. Las habilidades propias de este profesional constituyen la expresión práctica de la atención en salud que los mismos llevarán a cabo, lo que se debe evidenciar en los diferentes contextos formativos dirigidos a este fin caracterizados por una serie de condiciones irrepetibles propias del quehacer médico, donde se pondrá de manifiesto el logro o no de las competencias consideradas para la carrera de medicina.

This paper has the purpose to support the importance for curricular design of identifying and systemically conceiving a set of skills that may contribute to the professional skills that must characterize the physician demanded by the current society, as well as to provide scientific foundations for the training relevance to precise and derive a system of logical-intellectual skills oriented to guarantee the building of the forthcoming physician's professional skills and ultimately to the achievement of the competences that distinguish this major's working profile. We assessed the competences proposed by the project Tuning Latin America, for the Latin American physician, that led to specifying the skill as one of the constituent elements of these, since its lack of definition hinders the achievement of the previewed competences. This professional's proper skills constitute the practical expression of health care that they will carry out, which should be evidenced in the different training environments directed to this end characterized by a series of unrepeatable conditions of the medical profession, where the achievement will be shown or not by the competences considered for the medical major.

Evaluación y desarrollo de habilidades logico intelectuales en estudiantes de Medicina / Evaluation and development of logical and intellectual skills in medical students

Se realizó una experiencia de intervención para el desarrollo de las habilidades lógicointelectuales de definir, comparar y describir en estudiantes de primer año de la carrera de Medicina en la asignatura Biología Celular y Molecular, curso 2003-2004, en la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas" Salvador Allende", precedida por un estudio diagnóstico en el curso 2002-2003. Se constató eficacia en la estrategia empleada para el desarrollo de las habilidades y se observó un incremento significativo en su dominio mediante la comparación de la prueba de entrada con el examen final ordinario de Biología Celular y Molecular. Los resultados corroboraron la necesidad del empleo de estrategias didácticas innovadoras, que garanticen un proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de acuerdo con las demandas contemporáneas

An intervention experience was carried out for the development of the logical and intellectual skills of the first year medical students to define, compare and describe in the subjects of Cellular and Molecular Biology at "Salvador Allende" Faculty of Medical Sciences during the course 2002-2003. It was preceded by a diagnostic study in the course 2002-2003. . The efficacy in the strategy used to develop skills was confirmed, and a significant increase in its control was observed by comparing the initial test with the ordinary final test of Cellular and Molecular Biology. The results corroborated the need to utilize innovating didactic strategies that guarantee a teaching-learning process in accordance with the current demands.